Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of the academic field of study which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".

The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are a large number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others. The AI field is interdisciplinary, in which a number of sciences and professions converge, including computer science, mathematics, psychology, philosophy and neuroscience, as well as other specialized fields such as artificial psychology.

Component of AI

1.      Computer Science: Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundation of information and computation and practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer science. It invents algorithmic, processes that create, describe and transform information and formulate suitable abstraction to model complex.

2.      Neuroscience: It is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, mathematics, medicine, philosophy and psychology.

3.      Cognitive science: - It is the inter displinary scientific study of minds as information processors. It includes research on how information is processes such as perception, language, reasoning and emotion represented and transformed in a human or other animal nervous system or machine.

4.      Psychology: It is the science of mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand behavior and mental processes by research and establishing both general and specific cases.

Uses of AI:  AI can be used in various fields

·        Gaming playing: AI plays important roles in playing games so that we can play with computer which think and decide itself like a human player. It makes the game more exciting and livelier. Example playing chess uses AI

·        Speech recognition: AI is useful in speech recognition so that we can give data and instruction to computer through speech without using keyboard and mouse.

·        Understanding natural language: Ai helps the computer to understand our natural language like englsih, nepali etc. so that we can communicate with computer like a human being.

·        Computer Vision: AI can be used to improve the vision of the real world object on computer so that we can view it with 3-Dimension

·        Expert System: It is an application program that makes decision or solves problems in a particular field, such as finance or medicine by using knowledge and analytical rules defined by experts in the field. MYCIN is an expert system which could diagnose and recommended treatment for certain bold infection.

·        Robotics: It is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Hence, it is related with electronic (it is used to store information which directed by software), machines (generate frameset and shape of the robots) and software (create the robots efficient for the execution of the job for which it is designed).

Ethical Aspect of AI: The ethics of AI addresses a number of moral and legal issues which arise if researchers are able to build machines with intellectual capacities that rival human beings. It considers the unexpected consequences, danger and potential misuse of the technology. It also considers the easy in which artificial intelligence may be used to benefit humanity.