Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines
or software. It is also the name of the academic field of study which studies
how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent
behavior. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the
science and engineering of making intelligent machines".
The central
problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning,
learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the
ability to move and manipulate objects. Currently popular approaches include
statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI.
There are a large number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and
mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics,
and many others. The AI field is interdisciplinary, in which a number of
sciences and professions converge, including computer science, mathematics,
psychology, philosophy and neuroscience, as well as other specialized fields
such as artificial psychology.
Component
of AI
1.
Computer Science: Computer
science is the study of the theoretical foundation of information and
computation and practical techniques for their implementation and application
in computer science. It invents algorithmic, processes that create, describe
and transform information and formulate suitable abstraction to model complex.
2.
Neuroscience:
It is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is science that
collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science,
engineering, mathematics, medicine, philosophy and psychology.
3.
Cognitive science: -
It is the inter displinary scientific study of minds as information processors.
It includes research on how information is processes such as perception,
language, reasoning and emotion represented and transformed in a human or other
animal nervous system or machine.
4.
Psychology:
It is the science of mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand
behavior and mental processes by research and establishing both general and
specific cases.
Uses
of AI: AI can be used in various fields
·
Gaming playing: AI plays important roles in playing games
so that we can play with computer which think and decide itself like a human
player. It makes the game more exciting and livelier. Example playing chess
uses AI
·
Speech recognition: AI is useful in speech recognition
so that we can give data and instruction to computer through speech without
using keyboard and mouse.
·
Understanding natural language: Ai helps the
computer to understand our natural language like englsih, nepali etc. so that
we can communicate with computer like a human being.
·
Computer Vision: AI can be used to improve the
vision of the real world object on computer so that we can view it with
3-Dimension
·
Expert System: It is an application program that makes
decision or solves problems in a particular field, such as finance or medicine
by using knowledge and analytical rules defined by experts in the field. MYCIN
is an expert system which could diagnose and recommended treatment for certain
bold infection.
·
Robotics: It is the branch of technology that deals
with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture
and application of robots. Hence, it is related with electronic (it is used to
store information which directed by software), machines (generate frameset and
shape of the robots) and software (create the robots efficient for the
execution of the job for which it is designed).
Ethical Aspect of AI:
The ethics of AI addresses a number of moral and legal issues which arise if
researchers are able to build machines with intellectual capacities that rival
human beings. It considers the unexpected consequences, danger and potential
misuse of the technology. It also considers the easy in which artificial
intelligence may be used to benefit humanity.
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